<\/span><\/h3>1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644.
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639:
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 (SMD): \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\/\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.
2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b.
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:
\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f: \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a).
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628 (Trimpot):\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.
\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a:\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 I\u00b2C)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.
3- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635:\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631:\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 NTC \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 PTC \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629).
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 (LDR): \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a).
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (VDR): \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f.
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p><\/span>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/h3>- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 LED\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u00b1 1\u066a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0637)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n\n- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (SMD)
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635:\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a (SMT)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n\n- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\/\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629)
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.
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<\/figure><\/div><\/span>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/h2>1- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a
<\/strong>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.
2- \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631
<\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.
3- \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629
<\/strong>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631.
4- \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645
<\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631.
5- \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629
<\/strong>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p><\/span>\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a 1.0\u03a9 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0645)
<\/strong>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a SMD \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.
2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631
<\/strong>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d LED \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 LED\u060c \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.
3- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\/\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644
<\/strong>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 MCU. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 4.7k\u03a9-10k\u03a9). \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 I2C\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.
4- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631)
<\/strong>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 mV). \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.
5- \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a
<\/strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 NTC: \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636.
\u0646\u0648\u0639 PTC: \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f.
\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 NTC \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 PTC \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.
6- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 (LDR)
<\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 (\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629). \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646.
7- \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>
\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>![\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Resistor-1.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div><\/span>\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a & amp\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a<\/span><\/h2><\/span>\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/h3>1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (IEC &\u061b ANSI)
IEC: \u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501
ANSI: ~\/~~ ~
2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\/\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631
IEC: \u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501
\u2572
ANSI: ~\/~~ \u2571~
3- \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)
\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2293\u2293\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501 (IEC)
4-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f)il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501 \u22c2\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501 (IEC)\u22c2\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501 (IEC)|\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/p>
<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h3>1-\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0645&8217;\u0623\u0648\u0645&8217;\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631)\u061b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Ohms-Law.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\u0623\u064a\u0646:
V = \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (V)il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (V):
I = \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (A) il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
R = \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u03a9)il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
2-\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Power-Dissipation.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>P = \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (W)il \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (W):
3- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Series-Resistance.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>4- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Parallel-Resistance.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/For-two-resistors.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.topfastpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Temperature-Dependence-1.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0= \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (1\/ \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) = \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (1\/ \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)
RT<\/em>= \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.\u00a0\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/p><\/span>\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646:<\/strong> (\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0640 4 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a): \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/span><\/h3>| \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644:<\/th> | \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/th> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 Digitil:<\/th> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641:<\/th> | \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> |
|---|
| 1\u0640 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644:<\/td> | 1<\/td> | \u00d710\u00b9\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/td> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u00b1 1\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/td><\/tr> |
| 2\u0640 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 Blackil:<\/td> | 0<\/td> | <\/td> | <\/td><\/tr> |
| 3\u0640 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644:<\/td> | <\/td> | \u00d710 \u00b2\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/td> | <\/td><\/tr> |
| 4\u0640 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td> | \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0644:<\/td> | <\/td> | <\/td> | \u00b15% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/td><\/tr> |
<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/strong>: \u0628\u0646\u064a-\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f-\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f-\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631-\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a = 10 \u00d7 10 \u00b2 \u03a9 \u00b1 5\u066a =\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629: 1 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u00b1 5\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/h2><\/span>1- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644:
\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a:
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644:
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\/\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 MCU \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631:<\/p> <\/span>2- \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644:
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a 0\u03a9 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a 0\u03a9 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629:
\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621:
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/p> <\/span>3- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span><\/h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 + \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f = \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a + \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 = \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a:
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629:
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 + \u0623\u0648\u0628-\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 = \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631:
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 + \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f = \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 PTC + \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a = \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f:
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a + \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a = \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629:
\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/p> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/h2>1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0644:
<\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d LED \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f:
2-\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a:
<\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629:
3-\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f:
<\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a:
4- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632:
<\/strong>\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629:
5-\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629:
<\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a ADCs \u0648 DACs \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629:
6.\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644:
<\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a RC \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627:
7-\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a:
<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641.il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
8.\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u06298.0\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629:
<\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629:<\/p><\/span>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/h2>1- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:
2-\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:
3-\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. 4-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:
4-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:
5- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631:
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.il \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:
\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a:
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2436,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[196,225],"class_list":["post-2017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knowledge","tag-resistor","tag-the-resistor"],"yoast_head":"\n The Resistor - 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